The contractile responses of esophageal smooth muscle (SM) induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) involve the activation of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-type VDCCs), ...

PAF causes strong contractions—especially in the muscles of the esophagus and the stomach’s upper region (called the gastric fundus). In other parts of the intestine, such as the small intestine and ...

Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing usually indicates some disorder of the esophagus. An accurate, detailed history can suggest the cause of dysphagia and can enable the physician to define the cause ...

Learn about Achalasia, its causes, symptoms, types, and effective treatment options. Understand how this esophageal disorder ...